Module 1: summary of forms and grammar

New terms in this module

• verbal expression
• finite verb
• tense, voice, mood, person, number
• aspect
• voice: active, passive, middle
• moods: indicative, imperative, subjunctive, optative
• principal parts
• thematic, or -ω, verbs
• athematic, or -μι, verbs
• augment
• reduplication
• recessive accent
• subject, verb
• tenses: aorist, imperfect
• first aorist, second aorist
• compound verb
• clause
• coordination: coordinating conjunctions, particles
• postpositive
• adverb

Forming the aorist and imperfect

To form the aorist indicative in active or middle forms

• use the third principal part
• find the stem by dropping α/άμην from “first” aorists, or ον/όμην from “second” aorists

To form the aorist indicative in passive forms

• use the sixth principal part
• find the stem by dropping ην

To form the imperfect indicative in all three voices:

• use the first principal part
• find the stem by dropping ω/ομαι or νυμι/νυμαι

Models: aorist of δείκνμι

	Active	Middle	Passive
third singular	ἔδειξε or ἔδειξεν	ἐδείξατο	ἐδείχθη
third plural	ἔδειξαν	ἐδείξαντο	ἐδείχθησαν

Models: imperfect of δείκνμι

Person and Number	Imperfect Active	Imperfect Middle	Imperfect Passive
third singular	ἐδείκνυ	ἐδείκνυτο	ἐδείκνυτο
third plural	ἐδείκνυν	ἐδείκνυντο	ἐδείκνυντο

Models: aorist of κελεύω

	Active	Middle	Passive
third singular	ἐκέλευσε or ἐκέλευσεν	ἐκελεύσατο	ἐκελεύθη
third plural	ἐκέλευσαν	ἐκελεύσαντο	ἐκελεύθησαν

Models: imperfect of κελεύω

Person and Number	Active	Middle	Passive
third singular	ἐκέλευε or ἐκέλευεν	ἐκελεύετο	ἐκελεύετο
third plural	ἐκέλευον	ἐκελεύοντο	ἐκελεύοντο